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Dietary protein was measured as grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day, whereas methionine and cysteine were measured as milligrams per kilogram body weight per day; quintiles were created of these dietary exposures for use in regression analyses.
The historical data given in Table 2 can be used to estimate yearly emissions from a road meteorological dispersion model to estimate individual exposures for use in an epidemiological study (7, 8) but only for cruise conditions and possibly after adjusting the numbers in Table 2 for the tunnel grade and percentage of heavy duty traffic, for instance, as described in the Supporting Information.
When the tailpipe emissions data are combined with estimates of yearly traffic flow and a meteorologic dispersion model (3– 6), it is possible to estimate individualized ambient PAH exposures for use in retrospective epidemiologic studies (6), as is being done in studies of breast cancer (7, 8).
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The GIS thus provides a basis for estimation of herbicide exposure for use in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
Our goal was to determine the most efficient measure of dental amalgam exposure for use in analyses concerning U-Hg in children.
Moreover, the NOTEL may be a relevant indicator of biological exposure for use in quickly benchmarking doses of chemicals and mixtures in toxicology.
Some health effects might be related to long-term average pesticide exposure, in which case an environmental measure (e.g., a house-dust or passive air sample) might be an appropriate measure of exposure for use in these studies.
Research-grade methods are important for each chemical species; however, there is also a need for simple, fast, onsite, specific, and inexpensive methods to characterize exposure for use in large epidemiologic studies and by pool operators to optimize pool conditions.
Research at the New Bedford Harbor (NBH), Massachusetts, USA, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)–designated Superfund site, has focused partly on developing ecological biomarkers of contaminant exposure for use in monitoring remediation of contaminated sites.
However, for some exposures – for example, use of post-menopausal hormones – the risk is raised in current users, but declines rapidly once exposure ceases.
Explore development of exposure models for use in future epidemiological studies requiring long-term and/or large-scale exposure reconstructions for PM2.5 in rural and urban households (TAPHE-Exposure Modelling Study).
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