These civilian deaths were largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres.
The ensuing German blockade and siege claimed 650,000 Leningrader lives in 1942 alone, mostly from starvation, exposure, disease, and shelling from distant German artillery.
Table 3 also shows exposure disease relationships for passersby.
Seminoles, Chocktaws, Creeks, Cherokees and other Native American tribes had their homes destroyed and were forced to march great distances and quartered in camps, treated terribly and subjected to exposure, disease and starvation.
The database of biomarkers includes biomarkers of exposure, disease and susceptibility.
A risk assessment of inhaled Mn utilising genetics and genomics identified genetic biomarkers of exposure, disease and susceptibility.
However, information on exposure, disease, and confounders of the denominator (the occupation-specific working population) are missing.
To determine the relationship between biomarkers of exposure, disease and susceptibility, and early health effects and long-term diseases related to occupational manganese (Mn) exposure.
The GXMEWHC study provides abundant data for exploring the systemic health effects of occupational Mn exposure using biomarkers of exposure, disease and susceptibility.
As the field of molecular epidemiology progresses quickly, biomarkers for exposure, disease progression, and disease outcome are becoming more and more prevalent.
