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This is particularly true for diseases with long lag-times from exposures, complex exposure assessment, and often non-specific health outcomes.
The U.S. EPA is increasingly asked to address broader public-health and environmental-health questions involving multiple exposures, complex mixtures, and vulnerability of exposed populations issues that stakeholder groups often consider to be inadequately captured by current risk assessments.
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First, in some circumstances, comorbidity can be a part of the exposure complex under study.
The measured concentrations of the different exposure complexes for PCBs and dioxins in terms of different distribution characteristics are listed in Table 2; we also give the corresponding values for the complete exposure matrix (see Supplemental Material, Table S3).
Therefore, characterizing an individual's phthalate exposure is complex, and exposure may vary considerably over short time periods, such as days.
Radiation dose is usually not directly measured and, therefore, must be calculated or estimated from models that range from simple, for external exposure, to complex, for internal exposures.
We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1.
Improved data linkages between diverse environment and health datasets have the potential to provide new insights into the health impacts of environmental exposures, including complex climate change processes.
Genetic causes of non syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCLP) include chromosomal rearrangements, genetic susceptibility to teratogenic exposures, and complex genetic contributions of multiple genes.
Environmental exposures are complex.
However, many real-world exposures involve complex mixtures of dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans, and related compounds.
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