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HCQ exposure was determined by care plan, physician notes, and prescriptions.
Exposure was determined by meconium assay and self-report with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco present in both groups.
Human exposure was determined based on soil-crop bioconcentration factors for cadmium and dietary intake rates of Danish food crops.
Esophageal acid exposure was determined using standard pH monitoring, and duodenogastroesophageal reflux was measured by a spectrophotometric method (Bilitec) that identifies bilirubin in the refluxate by measuring its characteristic light absorption spectrum.
Exposure was determined by the extent to which the area faces a hazard or stress.
The viability of HGF following unaged and aged G/Z and Y-TZP exposure was determined at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h (exposure time) using the alamarBlue® salt assay as a 10% solution in DMEM.
That exposure was determined by measuring blood levels of a key nicotine byproduct called cotinine.
Cell viability following drug exposure was determined by the MTT assay as described previously(14).
The lowest observed-adverse-effect levels ("LOAELs") for chronic copper inhalation exposure was determined to be 0.64 mg/m3 [37].
PS exposure was determined by fluorescently microscopic detection of annexin V as outlined in the annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit (BioVision Research Products, Mountain View, CA).
UV exposure was determined using a questionnaire.
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