Some of these cells transform into the contractile specialist cell, the myofibroblast, after exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF -β and mechanical loading signals.
It has been shown that both rat and human lung AECs can undergo EMT in response to exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF -β1 in culTGF -β19- 11].
132 Following exposure to transforming growth factor beta, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells increase their expression of various Wnt receptors and ligands.
After exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF -β or endoTGF -β-1, fibrorytes differentiate into myofibroblast-type cells with expression ofibrocytesrodifferentiatebronectintond collagen, and loss of expression of CD34 and CD45 [ 4- 6, 9, 12].
However, recent studies show that the CD44+CD24- phenotype can be induced by genetic events, such as Twist overexpression, or epigenetic events, such as exposure to transforming growth factor beta, a factor secreted by tumor associated stroma [ 7].
In nontransformed epithelial cells, prolonged (7 days) exposure to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is required to trigger loss of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin and EpCAM, and induce expression of mesenchymal markers, including Vimentin and N-cadherin (Leivonen and Kähäri, 2007).
Exposure to CAFs transformed non-tumorogenic prostate epithelial cells into neoplasms [ 30, 31] and fibroblasts from tumor stroma induced malignant transformation with dysregulation of several chromosones in the non-tumorogenic SV40 immortalized, prostate line BPH-1 [ 32].
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Further, exposure to a mated female for only 1 hr results in short-term memory, but not long-term memory; however, by stimulating the same class of dopaminergic neurons, aSP13, many hours after this exposure, we were able to transform short-term memory into long-term memory.
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