Indigenous youth are also more likely than non-Indigenous youth to experience physical and emotional trauma (often intergenerational), which increases their exposure to sexual exploitation and drug use.
Hence, secreted proteins endure the strongest selection for low biosynthetic cost, consistent with their potential exposure to social exploitation by nonproducer cheaters.
Duration of trafficking may serve as a proxy for trafficking adversity, being associated with prolonged and repeated exposure to violence, exploitation and restricted freedom [ 39].
It may be years before communities fully re-emerge from this disaster, and a host of immediate risks still looms largely on children, ranging from epidemic outbreaks, disruption and loss of access to learning, greater exposure to violence, exploitation and abuse and risks for both women and children of sliding into malnutrition.
The resulting frustration meant "unfortunately migrants had more trust in smugglers than in state-led procedures that exist to ensure their protection" leading to "risk-taking behaviour, which leads to higher exposure to modern slavery and exploitation" and other multiple dangers, he wrote.
These threats will negatively impact the health and survival of children, as exposure to violence, abuse and exploitation, including early marriage, may increase.
Surviving siblings can suffer stigma and discrimination, experience greater exposure to violence, abuse and exploitation and drop out of school for a variety of reasons.
Separated children form one of the most vulnerable groups as separation from both family and community protection greatly increases the child's risk of exposure to violence, physical abuse, exploitation, illness and malnutrition, and psycho social distress.
More focus on the construction of masculinity is also required and this should include a close examination of parenting practices, particularly those that are discriminatory and place children in a position of vulnerability or exposure to sexual abuse and exploitation.
In Cambodia, Cacho met a woman who runs a brothel who explained how she "reprograms" girls by "normalising sexual exploitation through systematic exposure to pornography.
