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First, increases in service delivery appear to heighten citizens' awareness of, and exposure to, corruption.
Corruption is a salient political issue in most developing democracies, and so increased exposure to corruption may shift voting behavior.
And that's a huge way that we mitigate our exposure to corruption, because there is no cash that is being provided".
This refers to companies' exposure to corruption in their exchanges with government.
In the first stage, subjects are faced with a corruption game, where subjects' exposure to corruption is randomly varied by increasing the probability of detection.
Our contribution in this paper is twofold: first, we randomly vary the exposure to corruption to test the impact on cooperation, and second, we randomly vary mechanisms to improve cooperation in order to understand how they interact with exposure to corruption.
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Similarly, Cameron et al. (2009) report that a higher exposure to daily corruption increases the tolerance of the participants towards illicit actions, and a lower disposition to punish these actions.
Investors who like the recent Chinese data may still want to be wary of any stocks that have exposure to China's corruption economy, and specifically ones that rely on business from mistresses.
"Any company not actively examining the history of its third-party relationships to determine exposure to bribery and corruption risk will have significant difficulties in being able to demonstrate compliance with the new law," said David Leppan, founder of World-Check, a risk intelligence company that has launched a "Bribery Act solution" to help multinationals comply with stricter rules.
IT staff must be able to assure application availability to users as well as minimize exposure to data loss and corruption.
Control Risks has always worked with foreign and domestic Indian companies concerned about their exposure to extra-territorial anti-corruption legislation such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com