Second, our study examines how discrimination is affected by the preceding few seconds and minutes of exposure, a timescale shorter than often considered in category-learning studies.
This differential toxicity is supported from data from cancer patients treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy that indicates that sperm counts fall significantly by 10 weeks but do not reach azoospermia until 12 weeks post exposure, a timescale in keeping with a production block at the level of the type B spermatogonia [ 110- 112].
We find that T* AFD) adapts on both short and long timescales upon exposure to temperatures warmer than T(c), and that prolonged exposure to warmer temperatures alters expression of AFD-specific receptor guanylyl cyclase genes.
On long timescales, repeated exposure to reward or punishment can elicit long-lasting positive or negative emotional states (often called 'mood'), that can increase or decrease the frequency of performing reward-seeking actions more generally (Niv et al., 2006; Cools et al., 2011; Somerville et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013).
We therefore used our model to simulate longer timescales of drug exposure.
However, the study of complex surface exposure chronologies on the 102 104 years' timescale remains challenging with the commonly used long-lived radionuclides (10Be, 26Al, 36Cl).
In this situation, using the time since exposure measurement (usually enrollment) as the timescale may be more appropriate.
This represents approximately two months of hair growth and a similar timescale of dietary mercury exposure (see Figure S-2, Additional file 1).
He found that if the exposure time is much shorter than the diffusion timescale of Brownian motion, correlations between photons scattered into different angles encode 3D structural information of the particles not accessible via conventional small or wide-angle X-ray scattering.
69 This is particularly important when effects have a slow onset (days or weeks) in comparison to daily concentration fluctuations, and the data collected over a prolonged timescale may necessitate a simplification of exposure to drive the PD model.
