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Allen, C.B., Schneider, B.K. & White, C.W. Limitations to oxygen diffusion and equilibration in in vitro cell exposure systems in hyperoxia and hypoxia.
Introduction: Well-characterized inhalation exposure systems are critical for preclinical testing and pathogenesis studies.
Two exposure systems were designed; the first produced a gradient SMF while the second generated uniform 50 Hz ELF-EMF.
The actual exposure systems favor the dynamic guidance of the airborne substances to the surface of the cells in specially designed exposure devices.
The presence of cells in the system at levels normally used in in vitro exposure systems did not significantly alter solvent partitioning.
The use of exposure systems and methods are designed to allow for continuous long-term exposure to constant concentrations of a test material.
Exposure systems have to be designed individually to accommodate specific tests, but the primary focus of the toxicological program has been in development.
An in-depth examination of chemical and physical mechanisms in resist materials has been made to support the applications of electron-beam (e-beam) lithography with high beam current exposure systems and advanced resist systems.
Data from both exposure systems were combined.
There are a diverse range of whole smoke exposure systems available ranging from commercial set-ups to bespoke in-house designed and developed exposure systems [16 18].
We employ this approach to compare varied and new products and exposure systems.
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