A meta-analysis showed that approximately half of the children with PMTCT exposure (single-dose nevirapine) harboured TDRM [ 32].
for 21 days or exposure to single dose of IR (5 Gy) induced brain damage throughout the significant decrease in catecholamine contents and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain tissue with a concomitant significant decrease in serum activity of creatinine kinase-BB.
Macrophage immunostaining is increased in the rat small intestine 2 weeks after localized exposure to single dose (21 Gy) or fractionated dose of X-radiation (8 × 5.6 Gy) [ 26].
Baseline Body mass index, exposure to single dose nevirapine, treatment arm (nevirapine/tenofovir/emtricitabine versus lopinavir/ritonavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine) and adherence were not significantly associated with SCR (P > 0.05).
Of concern, a recent rodent study showed increased rates of neonatal death, physical malformations, and chromosomal abnormalities in up to 6 generations of offspring after exposure to single dose of doxorubicin [ 31].
All the children except two were born from HIV infected mothers without exposure to single dose nevirapine (sdNVP) and combined ART for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) prophylaxis.
Because of the technical complexity associated with delivery of 24 Gy in a single session, there has been an ongoing search for tumor radiation sensitizers that would enable use of lower dose per fraction via currently affordable technologies, preserving the improved outcome provided by the higher exposures of single dose or hypofractionated schemes.
As was done with the ALI exposures, a single dose (rather than repeated dosing) and the 24 hr incubation period were selected to be comparable to previous studies with silver nanoparticles [ 24, 43].
Changes in mitochondrial membrane polarisation were measured by flow cytometry analysis following 24 hours exposure to GNPs with and without exposure to a single dose of 2 Gy (Figure 4).
Nine chemicals involved repeated exposures during early postnatal and adult life stages, eight chemicals had lifetime exposure starting in the juvenile period and adult-only exposure, and eight chemicals used acute exposures (typically single doses) at different ages (Table 1).
