In an attempt to aid students in their algebraic success, mathematics educators have argued that exposure to algebraic reasoning should begin in kindergarten and thread through the mathematics curriculum to the end of high school [11, 33].
We also found an inverse relationship between ETS exposure and visuospatial reasoning skills.
Both cognitive variables, prior educational exposure (positively) and teleological reasoning (negatively), contributed unique variance.
Likewise, openness to experience was again a strong predictor uniquely accounting for variability in Knowledge/Relevance, Creationist Reasoning, and Exposure to Evolution.
In contrast to demographic information, openness to experience significantly predicted Knowledge/Relevance, Creationist Reasoning, and Exposure to Evolution, accounting for as much as 10% of the variance on its own.
Such data suggest that critical reasoning skills, exposure to evolutionary theory, or deeper understanding of the nature of scientific inquiry and scientific evidence might be factors in transforming people's thinking about evolution.
Although we won't assume familiarity with calculus or other advanced methods, an advanced mathematical background may be helpful, not directly for the material you may have learned in calculus, etc., but indirectly for past exposure to mathematical lines of reasoning.
The reason for focusing on those methods is that they are understood by the courts, are used by agencies of the government and are prevalent in causal reasoning about uncertain exposure and response, conditioned on one or more biological or other mechanisms.
Just as in Model 1, significant associations for other levels of WAs concentration were relatively infrequent: WAs between 10 and 20 μg/L remained significantly associated with Perceptual Reasoning scores, and exposure to levels ≥ 20μg/LL remained negatively associated with Working Memory scores, although no longer statistically significant.
Whether these students needed more exposure to instruction about non-adaptive reasoning before integrating it into their mental frameworks of evolution remains to be determined.
