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Gingival recession is measured clinically as the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the depth of the free gingival margin using the millimeter markings on the periodontal probe and reflects exposure of the root cementum [7, 8].
Exposure of the root apex to Al results in a rapid inhibition of root growth [ 5].
Exposure of the root canal filling to saliva and bacteria is a serious challenge to the seal provided by the obturation material [ 45, 46].
Exposure of the root surface of the teeth was measured from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest at the mesial site of the teeth, and exposure of the root surface was calculated as a fraction of the root length as determined radiographically.
17 Caries remains a major oral health problem among the elderly for various reasons: the increase in treatment and maintenance of teeth rather than their extraction; age-related salivary changes; a poor diet; exposure of the root surface by gingival recession; and a greater likelihood of drug treatment with xerostomia as a side effect.
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To examine the effects of light exposure on the root architecture, the black shields, which normally protect the soil and roots from light, were removed from the top half of the rhizotrons 10 DAS.
In order to guarantee uniform exposure of the roots to the salt, the pots (with holes in the base) were placed inside a second pot of greater diameter with no holes containing excess nutrient solution (to a depth of about 1 cm).
The height of each shrub was measured, and it was examined for presence or absence of prairie dog teeth signs, exposure of the roots by prairie dog burrows, and clipping of stems and branches.
Exposure of the roots to 100 μM Al did not affect their growth (Fig. 2A).
In contrast, exposure of the roots to La induced MATE, but not ALS3 (Fig. 7A; B).
However, exposure of the roots to both N2 gas (anoxia) and ether vapor reduced the frequency of the impulses.
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