Diesel engines can have particulate matter traps applied to their exhaust to reduce emissions, providing one potential exposure mitigation measure.
A further 150 chemicals require exposure risk mitigation measures which means that they may only be used under certain conditions (e.g., formaldehyde or methanol in Annex III of the Cosmetics Regulation: list of substances which cosmetic products must not contain except subject to restrictions laid down; [1]).
Monitoring after exposure is advisable to determine the severity of exposure and any mitigation measures that may be necessary.
Therefore the key parameters for urban dynamics and UES are the built-up area, degrees of imperviousness, green spaces (indicators of urban patterns), environmental exposure and mitigations measures (indicators of environmental quality).
Comparing particle concentrations at the emission source with background particle concentrations has been frequently used to identify emission sources of nanomaterials qualitatively and implement measures for exposure mitigation [ 1– 4].
The health outcomes that result from long-term exposure to As in a large population could be used to anticipate future health outcomes for regions such as Bangladesh, where approximately 30% of wells exceeded 50 μg/L As and exposure was relatively recent, especially if the mitigation measures do not rapidly reduce As exposure (van Geen et al. 2002).
In this article, we describe evidence that supports reduction of As exposure in the exposed population through implemention of mitigation measures that would eliminate the source of exposure, with a strong emphasis on health education that promotes awareness of the link between domestic coal use and arsenicosis.
While vehicular exhaust emissions carry a large part of the risk posed on human health by particle exposure, it is most likely that mitigation measures designed for their reduction will have a major effect only at traffic sites and additional measures will be necessary for the control of background levels.
In spite of relatively weak indication of the harmful effects of the geothermal power plants on the dominating shrub species, follow-up experimental studies and studies on more sensitive ecosystem components are recommended to advise existing mitigation measures against chronic exposure from the emitted gases and associated impacts.
This paper does not address farmer exposure to wastewater for which universal risk mitigation measures are well known (WHO 2006), but focuses on potential microbial risks for consumers and washing methods for bacterial and helminth eggs reductions.
