In these 12% of outbreaks in which the exposure linkage was supported by the 2 latter methods, the proportion of outbreaks linked to food varied between causative pathogens.
Although a number of health conditions have been associated with pesticide exposure, clear linkages have yet to be made between exposure and health effects except in cases of acute pesticide exposure.
Characterization of mixtures, assessment of exposures, and linkage of exposures to health effects are the objectives of the recommendations proposed for further research.
In the case of toxicologic independence, single stressor data are sufficient to estimate the joint exposure-response linkage as long as the toxicity modes of action are biologically independent and there are no pretoxicity interactions (e.g., metabolic inhibition).
Aquatic farmers are aware of the consequences of fish stress, but have limited knowledge of the basic biological principles of animal stress and have little exposure to the linkages between these concepts and the issues critical to animal welfare.
These robust methodologies are critically important in order to establish exposure-to-outcome linkages, particularly given that the composition and character of the PM2.5 can differ across the exposure distribution (Edwards and Jantunen 2009).
Future research could explore exposure outcome associations by linking ED visits with temperature exposures and explore linkages between ED diagnoses and management with clinical outcomes and costs.
These data sources were combined with matched general population controls, and enriched with outcome and exposure data via linkage to nationwide health registers kept by the National Board of Health and Welfare and demographic registers at Statistics Sweden.
To reveal the link of genomic loci with the modulation of CORT responses upon stress exposure, we performed linkage analysis followed by an association study to specify the localisation of the QTL.
We also thank Henk Vos, Reinier Sterkenburg, and Han Zhou from TNO Urban Environment and Safety for exposure assessment, data linkage and providing air pollution maps, and the DCMR Environmental Protection Agency Rijnmond (DCMR) for kindly supplying data.
