Two methods were used when assessing air pollution exposure: geographic information system (GIS -calculated distances between residential addresses and the nearest major road, and information from air-monitorinGIS -calculatede to residistancesddresses.
Coupled with implementation of better exposure incident information systems [ 46], they should facilitate more explicit evaluations of the impacts of environmental policies and programs.
SO2: sulphur dioxide; ISAAC International Study of Asthmaandnd Allergies in Childhood; MEE: meteorologically estimated exposure; GIS: geographic information system; PM10: particles with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 um; PM2.5: particles with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 um.
In most long-term studies, exposure assessment has been limited mainly to city-specific average pollution measures or spatial or geographic information system (GIS based exposure models in small geographic areas (Adar and Kaufman 2007; Brauer et al. 2003; Briggs et al. 2000; Jerrett et al. 2005a; Liao et al. 2006; Ryan and LeMasters 2007; Su et al. 2008; Wheeler et al. 2008; Wong et al. 2004).
Our plan was to layer the computer-simulated exposure model in a geographic information system (GIS) and use the simulated immission concentrations to more accurately demarcate the exposed population.
We quantified small-scale spatial variations of traffic exposure by two measurements: geographic information system (GIS mapped traffic density assignments at place of residence, and the distance from place of residence to nearest roadways of various types.
We included the exposure corridors in a Geographical Information System (GIS), using ARC-GIS software (version 9.2, ESRI, Redlands, CA 2006), and we geocoded the historical residences of all study subjects in this GIS database.
The strengths of this study include the objective outcome assessment using bio-markers, the strict criteria for blood draws, use of state-of-the-art assays for characterizing immune function, objective exposure assessment using a geographic information system (GIS), and the homogeneity of the study population.
New geographic information system (GIS based exposure assessments (Beelen et al. 2013; Eeftens et al. 2012), remote sensing (Dadvand et al. 2012), and smartphone technologies (de Nazelle et al. 2013) have made it easier to assess outdoor exposures, and to integrate personal mobility and physical activity data.
Residential coordinates were linked to modeled exposure and traffic data by using a geographical information system, and each assessed individual exposure was subsequently linked to information from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, with the aid of the personal identification code.
