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Most of the causal theories include defects resulting from a viral infection or toxin exposure, defects in morphogenesis, genetic predisposition, defects in prenatal circulation, and immune dysregulation [ 1].
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This result, though unexpected, has a precedent in earlier work, where the PS exposure defect documented in Becn1- and Atg5-null ES cells in a 3D-model of embryoid body cavitation was not observed in single layer ES cell culture treated with apoptosis-inducing agents, thus indicating that in vivo properties of Atg-defective cells may be altered in regular 2D-culture.
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The focus of this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding the influence of prolonged, chronic malaria exposure on defects in immunosurveillance that would otherwise control persistent EBV infections.
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It is not surprising that it has taken researchers so long to tease out the link between alcohol exposure and birth defects.
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The challenge of avoiding type II errors in interpreting negative findings has major public health implications, especially when the relationship of an exposure to birth defects is the concern.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com