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The exposure could be caused by either abrasion, erosion, attrition, or abfraction, or clinically more relevant a combination of these.
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21 Systematic reviews have highlighted that the associations between antibiotic exposure and asthma could be caused by bias.
Gingival recession and exposure of the underlying dentin could be caused by overzealous tooth brushing and improper tooth brushing technique, or by periodontal disease and its surgical and nonsurgical treatment [ 38].
For example, a recent comprehensive review of Grandjean and Landrigan (2014) raised concern about the increased frequency of neurodevelopmental disabilities such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia among children could be caused by exposure to industrial chemicals, which have not been sufficiently tested for DNT.
Chronic diseases influence physical function but could be both a confounder and a mediator since a chronic disease could be caused by the exposure, or morbidity could influence the duration and intensity of exposure in working life.
So far, no study has actually shown any causal evidence of the genital malformations and birth defects that, according to Swan, could be caused by phthalate exposure.
Even fatal lead encephalopathy could be caused by heavy exposure (Hugelmeyer et al. 1988).
This observation could be caused by greater exposure of the dominant (and larger) artery to blood shear stress.
Moreover, the possibility that the association observed for postpartum use of paracetamol could be caused by paracetamol exposure through breastfeeding, which could not be measured, cannot be disregarded.
The authors concluded that it is unlikely that the aneuploidy in the Zhang et al. study could be caused by FA exposure (Kuehner et al. 2012).
The use of cancer cells might also be useful to estimate the level of cell damage and alterations that could be caused by asbestos exposure, since it is very difficult to get normal human lung epithelial cells established in vitro.
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