*Mean Exposure to Cr VI) derived by dividing cumulative urinary chromium exposure by 0.77 (conversion factor for air concentration), and then dividing by 45 years (OSHA's working life assumption); see text for details.
The effective dose (E) is calculated from the registered DAP values by using the formula: (1) E = E DAP ∗ DAP (mSv), where DAP (Gycm) is the dose-area product as calculated by the X-ray equipment during the exposure and EDAP is the conversion factor in mSv/Gycm.
By application of the radiation-dose equivalent of the unit of target dose of ethylene oxide and using the best (although still uncertain) value for the conversion factor (about 5%), exposure to 10 ppb ethene--a level occurring in urban areas--is expected to lead to a lifetime risk of cancer death amounting to approximately 70 per 100,000.
Radiation dose from a supine acquisition with the above parameters have a dose length product (DLP) of 150 mGycm, which equates to approximately 2.55 mSv ( range 1.57 5.23 mSv) This is calculated using the formula for estimated radiation exposure E = DLP x 0.015 (abdominal conversion factor) [2].
We used morbidity and mortality C-R functions reported for daily 8-hr maximum ozone exposures, or adjusted the reported C-R functions to be consistent with daily 8-hr maximum exposures using national conversion factors (e.g., if based on 24-hr mean or 1-hr maximum ozone concentrations) (Thurston and Ito 2001).
Using a conversion factor of 3 (Table 2), this exposure level corresponds to a toenail concentration of about 0.67 μg/g.
For the cohorts for which only PCM-based exposure estimates were reported (in fiber-years per milliliter), no conversion factor was required, and these studies were classified as NA (not applicable) and grouped with the "internal conversion factor" studies.
Estimated radiation exposure for each CT scan, represented in mSv, was calculated with the conversion factor, 0.017 mSv/mGy × cm × the dose length product (DLP).
By using the conversion factor from Hunter et al (2013), a residential cumulative radon exposure of 100 Bq m−3 over 30 years assuming 7000 h per year spent in homes corresponds to 13.2 WLM.
With a face velocity of 3.3 cm��s 1 for home exposure and 4.6 cm s 1 for mine exposure, the deposition pattern on the wire screens were found to satisfactorily match the variation of the dose conversion factor (in units of mSv WL M 1) with the size of radon progeny from 1 to 1000 nm.
