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For example, in a recent forward-modeling study, Xue et al. (2010) compared NHANES urinary arsenic concentrations to levels predicted using the U.S. EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model in order to quantify total exposure levels and determine major exposure contributors.
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Despite the lack of correlation between urine and dust concentrations across the full range of concentrations, the individuals with the highest urine concentrations typically had the highest dust concentration, suggesting the home environment is an important exposure contributor.
Differences in the dose and timing of alcohol exposure are known contributors to variation in the phenotypic spectrum in FASD.
While genetic and lifestyle factors have been examined [ 27, 28], few published studies have investigated environmental factors, such as phthalate exposure, as potential contributors to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in these populations.
However, prior research has also documented that within-home exposures are generally major contributors to personal exposures because of the greater time spent in the home relative to other environments (Sundel 2004).
Recent findings point to interactions between host genetics and microbial exposures as important contributors to disease risk in IBD.
In addition, the positive association between BSe and MC remained significant (β = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.40, 1.99; p < 0.01) when adjusting for both other exposures and sociodemographic contributors.
Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm BPA exposure as a contributor to increased BMI in children.
It is clear from the biomonitoring data that smoking is one of the main contributors to benzene exposure, and exposures to the non-smoking general population appear to be consistent with the level expected from benzene exposure in ambient air.
Since medical applications are among the most important contributors to exposure of the population in Europe to ionising radiation, for medical radiation protection research to be effective, it is critical that the results of the research projects are directly transferred into clinical practice, i.e. translational research.
Thus, the higher ICCs for OPFR metabolites may indicate direct and stable sources, such as indoor dust, may be significant contributors to exposure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com