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Here, we offer some considerations for improving future studies on this topic: The use of detailed CSA questionnaires (e.g., The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and The Sexual and Physical Abuse Questionnaire) in future CSA-PTB studies would allow for more uniform exposure collection efforts and capture of a wide range of CSA severities to enable nuanced analyses and interpretation of findings.
Further, there is a slight temporal mismatch between exposure collection and the birth outcomes, but we assessed temporal trends in both birth outcomes and change in neighborhood characteristics, and they do not appear to account for the results we report here.
Third, the quality score of the individual studies included in our meta-analysis was assessed on the basis of trying to minimize the potential for selection bias, misclassification related to exposure, collection of data on potential confounders and method of statistical analysis.
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Whenever new employees are recruited into the study, they undergo baseline job physical exposure data collection.
33 However, time intervals between exposure and collection of symptom data in these studies varied from 1 to 12 months.
MB and BEM contributed in the study design, exposure data collection, statistical analysis, and the drafting of the manuscript.
The median time between last exposure and collection of the follow-up serum sample was 21 days (range 17 26 days).
The standard WSDOH questionnaire was supplemented with an additional set of questions to ensure completeness of exposure data collection and to better align Washington data with New York data.
The median time between last exposure and collection of the nasal swab and the baseline serum samples was 7 days (range 2 12 days).
Measures should include comprehensive assessment of environmental exposure, alongside collection of biosamples that will allow a systems biology approach through genetic, epigenetic and metabolic testing.
Limitations of widely used self-reports include common method variance and recall bias in studies with retrospective exposure data collection [ 22].
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