In France, health authorities recommend that all cases of confirmed bat-related exposures (bites, scratches, exposures to a mucous membrane) receive RPEP with both vaccine and immunoglobulin (8 ), based on World Health Organization guidelines (9 ).
Furthermore, it appeared that people bitten by dogs were significantly more likely to have Bartonella antibodies than blood donors without exposure to bites.
As there is no commercially available vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites.
gambiae gSG6 may represent a reliable marker of exposure to bites of the three main Afrotropical malaria vectors.
Overall, the humoral anti-gSG6 IgG response appears a reliable serological indicator of exposure to bites of the main African malaria vectors (An.
Salivary proteins injected by blood feeding arthropods into their hosts evoke a saliva-specific humoral response which can be useful to evaluate exposure to bites of disease vectors.
As a general pattern the anti-gSG6 IgG response increased, or persisted at a high stationary level, during the transmission/rainy season (August to October), when there is a continued exposure to bites of anopheline mosquitoes.
This unusual pattern, opposite to the one observed with Plasmodium antigens, is compatible with a progressive desensitization to mosquito saliva and may be linked to the continued exposure to bites of anopheline mosquitoes.
Antibody responses against Anopheles salivary proteins can indicate individual exposure to bites of malaria vectors.
Insufficient data on tick exposure, tick bites, or outdoor activity were available to evaluate exposure risk factors for Ehrlichia infection.
Although infections contracted from non-respiratory routes (eg, in utero exposure, animal bites) have been reported, these are rare.
