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We estimate the share of on-bicycle exposure attributable to near-traffic emissions (vs. regional pollution) is ∼50% for PN and BC; ∼25% for PM2.5.
While results based on these models may aid policy makers in identifying larger areas of elevated exposure risk, they often do not differentiate the proportion of population exposure attributable to different polluting sources (e.g. traffic or industrial).
In addition, the source of error could be random variation in the exposure attributable to chance fluctuations, and not dependent on the assessment tool.
Regional differences in estimated health effects may also be driven by differences in personal exposure attributable to differences in air conditioning use or time spent outdoors.
To calculate the economic cost of methyl mercury exposure attributable to these facilities, we applied an additional fraction of 41% in our analysis.
There is evidence that NO2 exposure attributable to traffic is associated with an increase risk of wheezing illness in children (Pershagen et al. 1995; Peters et al. 1999) and an increased risk of hospitalizations for asthma (Simpson et al. 2005).
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This review has also shown that contiguous cleanup of residences has a three-fold greater reduction of children's blood lead levels compared with cleaning only those homes where children currently reside by reducing exposures attributable to neighboring properties.
For formula-fed infants, whose exposures attributable to other foods are limited, the perchlorate DWG calculated using these infant parameters, without an RSC, equals 0.44 μg/L.
Longer-term exposures attributable to living in regions for years or decades with higher levels of pollution, however, lead to substantially larger health risks (1, 2).
Because many of the recent estimates of perchlorate exposures attributable to food exceed the MA RfD, a lower DWG could be supported.
Thus, most current estimates of mean and median perchlorate exposures attributable to food exceed the MA RfD of 0.07 μg/kg/day and would support an RSC of < 20%.
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