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When an individual's performance or test result is known by others and he/she know others' performance or test results (referred to as the public context), he/she is exposed to a context that is similar to his/her own and where others' information is available to use in comparison.
In the present study, we investigated the role of local N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptors and nitric oxide (NO) in vMPFC on the behavioral (freezing) and cardiovascular (increase of arterial pressure and heart rate) responses of rats exposed to a context fear conditioning.
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Indeed, Atp6ap2 CamiceCrexhibite exhibit pronounced deficits in freezing behaviour when re-exposed to a context in which they received electric footshock previously (Fig. 4E).
When an individual's performance or test results are kept private and he/she does not know others' performance or test results (referred to as the private context), he/she is not exposed to a comparison context.
Four-month-old male and female Fisher (F) 344 rats (N = 38; n = 5 8/group) were either left undisturbed in their home cage as controls (HCC), exposed to a testing context alone for 30 min (CXT), or were placed in the context for 20 min and then allowed to socially interact (SI) with a sex-matched conspecific for 10 min.
Both groups showed indistinguishable activity when exposed to a novel context (Fig 2A and B).
When the mice were exposed to a different context in the same chamber and room 1 day later, the time spent freezing was reduced, similar to pre-conditioning levels, and did not differ between the two genotypes.
Mice were exposed to a novel context in which they received a foot-shock, either once (Day 1) or twice on two consecutive days (Day 1 and Day 2), then tested for fear memory 24 hours later (Day 3).
Universities invest in students going abroad as there is educational value in being exposed to a different context and environment with a dissimilar patient-population, an unfamiliar health system, a diverse scope of medical problems and diseases, dissimilar equipment, and trainers with different skills set and approaches [ 1– 6].
If the mice were exposed to a different context, the chamber geometry was changed (from square to curved wall), the lights were dimmed, the rod-flooring was covered with white linoleum, and the scent was changed from 0.01% bleach to bubble gum.
When the mice were exposed to a different context in the same chamber and room on day 12, 7 days after the last training, both genotypes exhibited reduced freezing levels (WT: 25.56 ± 5.85%, KI: 22.09 ± 6.93%) similar to those observed before conditioning.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com