The skin was placed on an elevated metal platform exposing the epidermis to air for mechanical, thermal and laser stimulation.
Using this mouse model, Zhao et al. highlighted the importance of ATG7 for the removal of reactive oxidized phospholipids and damaged protein aggregates in the epidermis exposed to environmental insults (Zhao et al., 2013).
Biopsies were cultured in a transwell system as described previously, with the dermis immersed in medium, and the epidermis exposed to the air interface [27].
During this incubation, skin was cultured at the air-medium interface with the epidermis exposed to the air to mimic the natural situation.
Since FAS-FASLG signaling is necessary and sufficient to control keratinocyte apoptosis of the epidermis exposed to UV-light, it thus plays a crucial role in regulation of UV-induced DNA damage-triggered apoptosis [ 31].
The surface-exposed epidermis, a self-renewing stratified squamous epithelium composed of several layers of keratinocytes, is most important for the barrier defense against these challenges [2].
In contrast, cord epithelial cells cultured on WJC did not form a differentiated epidermis when exposed to air.
This mature expression pattern is maintained throughout life under normal conditions and was not modified when the epidermis was exposed to vehicle over the duration of tumorigenesis experiments.
An aliquot (10 μl) of sterile-filtered hydrogel extract, obtained as described above, was exposed to the reconstructed epidermis of the EpiSkin skin model.
In the six other carrot cultivars, no purple or dark coloring was detected in these taproot parts, with the exception of the hypocotyl-derived root part of 90- and 120-day-old 'Kuroda', 90-day-old 'Sanhongliucun', and 120-day-old 'Junchuanhong'; these displayed dark color in the epidermis when exposed to light.
