Some or all of this crown area is exposed (exposed crown area, ECA).
Under this scheme, any proposed value of Z* implies a value for the sum of the exposed crown areas of all of the trees in the stand.
How does the density, size distribution, species, and allometry of the individual trees, determine which trees are in the canopy, the distribution of canopy heights, and the distribution of the total and exposed crown areas?
This was especially true for measurements that are hard to take (e.g. exposed crown areas, leaf densities, understory light), for rates that are slow and therefore require large sample sizes (e.g. mortality rates for canopy trees), and for rare species.
Exposed top of the tree's root crown is good -- but grading soil up to and exposing the root ball is a no-no.
For each stem, we recorded the diameter at breast height (D; to the nearest 0.1 cm using diameter tape) and used the crown illumination index (CII) to characterize crown dominance by scoring stems from 1 (suppressed crown receiving no direct light) to 5 (fully exposed dominant crown; Clark and Clark 1992).
During the IPO, the bone around the crown was removed to expose the crown, and then the tooth was resected at cement-enamel junction (CEJ).
For example, the island flying fox Pteropus hypomelanus is nocturnally active, but it typically roosts in tree crowns exposed to direct tropical sunlight during the day.
Did Shakespeare prop up the royal system that gave him patronage or expose the crown's hollow core?
The teeth were fixed in self-curing acrylic resin placed in flexible molds with the roots embedded in the acrylic and the crown exposed and oriented perpendicularly to the bottom of the mold.
Using eq. (2), for each study population we estimated the BAI (±95% confidence intervals) of a tree with a stem diameter in the 75th percentile and CII = 4 (corresponding to a tree with ≥90% of its vertically projected crown exposed to full overhead light; Clark and Clark 1992) under drought conditions (BAIdry), in the non-drought year (BAIwet), and one year post-drought (BAIdry + 1).
