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While the founders' general human capital affects both export propensity and intensity, their export-specific experience only affects export propensity but not intensity.
In the UK the scale of plants' innovation activity is also related positively to export propensity.
With regards to the spatial distribution of firm linkages, it appears that increasing firms size and export propensity are positively associated with external linkages at a higher spatial level.
The empirical results suggest that (1) the export propensity of affiliate firms, relative abundance of human resources for R&D, and accumulated technological knowledge have a positive effect on both the modes of R&D at a plant site and a laboratory, and (2) the stronger enforcement of intellectual property positively affects the expansion of knowledge sourcing R&D.
Previous research on Chinese firms analyzed the relationship between ownership concentration and export propensity from a principal-principal perspective.
Domestic trade can promote adjustments to the export propensity by strengthening supply-demand matching and reducing market fragmentation and transaction costs (Zhang, 2014).
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Previous studies have connected ownership structure with the propensity to export and export intensity (Fernandez & Nieto, 2006) and with new foreign investment (Singh & Gaur, 2013), among others.
In foreign-policy terms, that has meant a zero-sum attitude to diplomacy; the pursuit of great-power status, especially via energy exports; and a propensity to believe that the rest of the world thinks and acts in just the same way.
The real exchange rate affects Canadian export and import propensities with the USA.
Product innovation, however measured, has a strong effect on the probability and propensity to export in both countries.
Our results show that the cost of innovation and the level of indebtedness of a company have a statistically significant and negative effect on attitudes to innovation, whereas the technical qualifications of the employees, the propensity to export, and the company size (measured by the number of employees) have a significant and positive effect on a company's attitude towards innovation.
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