In plant pathogens, cellular transporters are responsible not only for export of compounds involved in pathogenesis and virulence, but they also may play an essential role in protection against plant defense compounds (e.g., secondary metabolites) during pathogenesis, possibly by exporting host-derived antimicrobial compounds out of the cell [ 57– 57].
Eight contigs were involved in response to the host immune system, of which 3 efflux transporters encoded by contigs 1220, 4783 and 6180 are responsible not only for export of compounds involved in pathogenesis such as secondary metabolites, but also export of host-derived antimicrobial compounds [ 25- 27].
They are involved in the uptake of a large array of organic nutrients and inorganic compounds, as well as the export of iron compounds, peptides and multi-drugs.
Export of these compounds may relieve the cellular toxicity and increase the yield.
The export of toxic compounds is driven by proton import catalyzed by the RND proteins [4].
Nevertheless, the ABC transporter genes included in TU 1 and TU 3 appear to be most similar to the ABC A superfamily [ 66], typically responsible for export of hydrophobic compounds.
Transporters provide a general mechanism for the export of toxic compounds (Nikaido, 2009; Takatsuka et al., 2010) thus also improving tolerance.
We, therefore, imposed an additional constraint on the model and restricted the export of acidic compounds to a total representing the experimentally observed amounts (0.123 mM/mM glucose based on growth on minimal media).
Responses to these experiments can be assayed through numerous cellular phenotypes, including proliferation and apoptosis rates, migration ability, cell size and shape, organelle content, import and export of specific compounds, and detailed metabolic profiles.
The antioxidant stress response is activated by oxidative stress (Section 3.1.1) and culminates in the neutralization, modification, and cellular export of oxidized/oxidizing compounds and/or potentially hazardous products of oxidation reactions (Section 3.1.2).
PCPs, also known as BY-kinases (for bacterial tyrosine kinases), belong to a superfamily of membrane proteins usually encoded by genes in the large operons involved in the export of polymeric compounds such as LPS, O-antigen polysaccharides, and capsule polysaccharides (CPS) in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive species.
