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In 2007, Laura Schulz and Elizabeth Baraff Bonawitz at M.I.T. demonstrated that when young children play, they are also exploring cause and effect.
An inherent limitation of a cross-sectional design is its inapplicability in exploring cause and effect relationships.
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The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences,2014.
The ECCE (Exploring Causes of Clubfoot in Europe) study comprises the largest reported series of idiopathic CTEV with primary data collection.
Most consultations in Williams and colleagues' observation work focused on 'adherence to treatment rather than exploring causes of non-compliance'.
The study made use of cross sectional data and as such could not explore cause and effects of the findings observed.
It's an opportunity to creatively explore cause and effect without harm.
To further explore cause of the death, we used the particle-associated nucleic acid –random PCR method (Technical Appendix).
Future analysis should also explore cause specific mortality as well as all cause mortality as Scotland's comparative position in Western Europe varies by disease type [ 2].
15 We also obtained death certificates to explore cause of death among the 1914 cohort for those who died aged under 50 in the postwar period (n=31).
Appignanesi tirelessly explores causes, symptoms and back histories to find answers, refusing to believe that madness comes out of nowhere.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com