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Gulland (1985) stated that in an optimally exploited stock, fishing mortality should be equal to natural mortality, resulting in an exploitation rate of 0.5.
Both values were calculated for a highly exploited stock biomass indicating that they should be accurate values of growth for our model and only varied by 0.06% [55].
Such adaptive changes increase the fitness of individual fish in the exploited stock, but – in the long run – may be harmful to the population as a whole, because these changes can be maladaptive with regard to natural selection pressures (Conover et al. 2005).
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Increasing fishing mortality (F) had a strong negative effect on length at 50% maturity, with the most heavily exploited stocks shifting most rapidly towards smaller sizes at 50% maturity (Figs 1A and 2A).
Increasing fishing mortality had a very strong negative effect on PMRNs, with the most heavily exploited stocks showing the most rapid declines in PRMN midpoints (i.e., shifts towards maturation at smaller size for a given age) (Figs 1E and 2C).
They accuse Morocco of playing for time while trying to entrench its presence in the Western Sahara and continuing to exploit stocks of phosphate (the territory's biggest earner) and fish.But neither does Polisario appear to have much chance of winning the heavyweight backing that might break the diplomatic deadlock.
Fishing vessels are increasingly venturing further afield to exploit stocks in international waters.
While this rendered them vulnerable to market fluctuations, the fishing effort was shaped by patron-client relationships and marked by the 'roving bandit', or bonanza, syndrome, whereby fishers exploit stocks in a locality until they are depleted, when they move to another area.
Exploited stocks of for example cod are often skewed towards smaller, faster growing individuals with earlier age at maturity (Jackson et al., 2001; Olsen et al., 2004; Olsen et al., 2005; Wright et al., 2011) and may have undergone an evolutionary change in life-history.
Comparison of stock biomass at present time to "virgin" biomass (biomass under an exploitation rate of 0) indicates how exploited a stock has become [33].
According to the chairman of the US Securities and Exchange Commission, in the latest breach, PII wasn't stolen, but the non-public information obtained from missing laptops and non-secure personal email accounts may have been exploited for stock trading.
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