Studies have shown, however, that trafficked women's mental health may vary in relation to type of exploitation, duration of exploitation, and time since trafficking [ 15, 16] and that the risk of HIV infection may be associated with age, area of origin, destination, and duration of exploitation [ 17, 18].
This paper 1) describes the physical health symptoms reported by trafficked women receiving assistance from the IOM Assistance and Protection Programme in Moldova; and 2) analyses variation in the prevalence of trafficked women's reported physical health symptoms by age group, country of destination, type of exploitation, duration of exploitation, and time since returning to Moldova.
Some permits are for research and exploration, and some for exploitation ranging in duration from three to five years.
Variation relating to demographic and trafficking characteristics (specifically, age group, destination country, type of exploitation, and the duration of exploitation) was assessed by bivariate logistic regression for the 4 most commonly reported symptoms.
Our analysis did, however, identify that duration of exploitation was strongly associated with the prevalence of headache and memory problems in our sample.
Hossain et al have previously demonstrated, for example, that symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with duration of exploitation amongst trafficked women receiving post-trafficking support [ 15].
The variables "duration of exploitation" and "time since returned to Moldova" were examined as categorical variables in descriptive analyses to show their distribution and the prevalence of physical symptoms within discrete periods.
First, the duration of exploitation for R. argentea has been quite short (about 20 years in the Ugandan waters), relative to many North Atlantic stocks that have been exploited for hundreds of years.
* Multivariable regression model using a backwards stepwise selection procedure considering the following variables: education status, pre-trafficking employment status, urban/rural residence, childhood emotional abuse, childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, duration of exploitation, post-trafficking employment status, number of unmet needs, and social support score.
Such findings emphasize the vulnerability of such populations to factors likely to disrupt population connectivity, including the impact of elevated temperatures on egg and larval development and planktonic duration, habitat change and over-exploitation.
