On a practical level, this field of research is useful because many pathogenic microbes rely on the cooperative production of public goods (such as nutrient scavenging molecules, toxins and biofilm matrix components) in order to exploit their hosts.
For greater ease of use, we recently bundled together components of these systems, exploiting their most useful features to create an integrated Web-based annotator-assistant tool, termed MINOTAUR (25).
By contrast, replicating in a permissive environment may be equated to soft selection and therefore does not require the coordination of expression because the cells remain able to exploit some components of their environment.
Despite thorough studies detailing strategies microbes use to exploit these components of the host cell, the role of the spectrin-based cytoskeleton has been largely overlooked.
HIV and other retroviruses, such as Ebola and human T-lymphotropic virus, exploit certain components of the ESCRT machinery to bud out of infected host cells.
This potential for conflict and synergism between intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice can result in opportunities for certain males to exploit different components of sexual selection [ 3], facilitating the evolution and maintenance of AMSs [ 4, 44, 45].
Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that under intense episodes of sexual selection, males experiencing continuous mating disadvantages should evolve strategies that exploit different components of sexual selection (e.g., the ruff, [ 7]; side-blotched lizard: [ 56]; pigmy swordtail [ 10]; Gouldian finch, [ 8]; marine isopods, [ 53]).
A diversified farm also enables farmers to exploit the different components as well as their interactions in the system to meet subsistence needs, maximize incomes, and reduce risks against fluctuations in world market prices of cacao beans [27 29].
ART derivatives are currently used in combination with a chemically unrelated drug in most malaria endemic countries with the purpose of reducing the probability of drug resistance evolution [2] and possibly of augmenting therapeutic efficacies by exploiting synergistic effects of their component drugs.
Biorefineries are integrated process plants producing several chemical products to better exploit all the components of a biomass feedstock.
