In practice, it has been shown that a significant difference exists in whether an individual participates in a measure, as long as they explicitly agree (opt-in policy) or do not explicitly reject it (opt-out policy).
Similarly, raising the profile of female farmers by explicitly referencing them in policy documents is far from a sufficient response to the ongoing and violent persecution of activists like Cáceres and Urquía.
Equity is one of the basic principles of the Primary Health Care approach [ 3] and features implicitly or explicitly in the health policies of most countries [ 4].
While the concrete policy objectives for MIP were never formulated explicitly in any legal or policy document at the initial stage, two main objectives were implied: i) "creation of a targeting system for public financing of health services for the socially vulnerable" and ii) "redirection of the public funds to support the development of private insurance" [ 23].
Although it could be argued that matters pertaining to equity and equality lie behind much of governance and its intentions, in the case studies we reviewed it seems rarely explicitly aimed for in policies, nor discussed in the articles.
As a heterosexual man, I can only imagine how frustrating it is given the arbitrary nature of both the 12-month timeframe as well as the fact that other groups with similar risk factors are not barred from donating blood, either explicitly by policy or in practice.
A third approach consists in using policy reforms explicitly in order to identify labor supply responses, without attempting to estimate a structural model (e.g., Eissa and Liebman 1996).
In policy terms, Burnham is more explicitly socialist than aspirational, but he still stays reassuringly within a centre-left, moderate framework.
The relatively recent National Fund for Health Research FONISS) is the only fund explicitly supporting research with possibilities of being used in policy decisions.
In many articles that explicitly address policy issues, the analyst employs cost-benefit analysis.
