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I collected student responses from homework and exam questions designed to elicit explanatory responses about phylogenetic thinking components.
For the qualitative data, the participants' explanatory responses were coded by the first and third authors, based upon their common themes.
de Boeck, P. & Wilson, M. Explanatory Item Response Models: A Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Approach (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).
Examine correlations and linear relationships of explanatory and response variables.
Second, the effects of person and item characteristics were jointly tested using explanatory item response models.
The glmer function from the lme4 package (Bates et al. 2015) was used to test explanatory item response models (GLMMs).
Second, we investigated the joint effect of person and item characteristics on disengagement using explanatory item response models.
Second, we tested the joint effects of person and item characteristics on disengagement in PIAAC using explanatory item response models.
This approach is also known as explanatory item response modeling (De Boeck and Wilson 2004), which is equivalent to Rasch modeling (Rasch 1960) with explanatory variables.
The (interacting) variables cognitive pre-test score and item difficulty were centered when testing the explanatory item response models to ease the interpretation of effects.
In this paper, we extend the standard autoregressive model to the case where the explanatory and response variables are random fuzzy variables.
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