Waters and Duerson bookend a remarkable shift in the understanding of football brain trauma: four years after a few positive tests begged explanation, questions mainly surround the absence of negatives.
In some prototype situations, adding the explanation questions increased the complexity of an already complex task, disrupting students' experience of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1991; Kiili 2005).
Although these questions are important to facilitate the teaching/learning process, educators and students need to increase the number of questions requiring analysis, synthesis, and evaluation as well as questions that involve probing, exploration, and explanation – questions believed to activate and facilitate critical thinking skills.
The mean response of all students defining science by naturalistic explanations (Question 2) indicates agreement on what constitutes science.
Subsequently, explanations, question and answer sessions and mock interviews were held.
As grief and shock turned to demands for explanations, questions continued to grow over the cause of the crush, over the response by the police and over the city's readiness to handle an influx of as many as three million people for the festival.
Eighty-six middle school students played one of three versions of the game: (1) the base version with no tips or questions, (2) the self-explanation version with self-explanation questions prompts, and (3) the explanatory feedback version with gameplay tips.
In the nonmajors' course, three instructor-explanation questions had Q1 scores of >80% correct.
In addition, we categorized the short essay questions using Bloom's taxonomy (Bloom, 1956; Anderson et al., 2001) as Level One (L1: remembering facts) or Level Two (L2: basic understanding: remembering explanations) questions, and as Level Three and higher questions (L3+: application, analysis, evaluation, and synthesis).
