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Dr. Gould, in particular, has continued to find fault with the work of scientists, including evolutionary psychologists, who seek to explain traits as "adaptations".
Another worry appears when discussion turns to evolutionary psychology and the adaptive hypotheses of human traits that explain traits in terms of their postulated advantages for survival and reproduction.
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Such population structure explanations explain trait distributions in species, whether those distributions involve similarity or dissimilarity.
Epigenetic alteration caused by the intrauterine environment may partly explain trait diversity, including disease phenotypes.
Moreover, asymmetrical gene flow cannot easily explain trait mismatches across species.
However, even if synteny-based projections can be useful to identify new candidate genes that explain trait variation across taxa, when orthologous QTLs underline the same trait, the involvement of each orthologous gene to the phenotype may vary across taxa.
The second flavor, "explanatory" adaptationism, is the view that explaining traits as adaptations resulting from natural selection is the central goal of evolutionary biology.
To see how the classical theory explains trait transmission, consider a cross of red-eyed females with purple-eyed males that was carried out by Morgan's collaborators.
Association studies are of great interest to identify genes explaining trait variation since they deal with more than just a few alleles like classical QTL analyses.
In biology, Nehm and Ha (2011) demonstrated a significant impact of item feature on students' evolutionary reasoning; for example, students were more likely to use core principles of natural selection when explaining trait gain and less likely to do so when explaining trait loss.
The genotyping SNP platforms and HapMap CEU II SNPs were included as explanatory variables in the starting or empty model, as presence on a SNP genotyping array was significant in explaining trait-association status in previous analyses.
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