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Kitcher is correct that biologists attempt to explain the traits of organisms in two ways: sometimes they cite the ultimate, or evolutionary, cause of a trait; other times they cite a structural feature of an organism with that trait.
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According to Okasha, relations such as genealogy and interbreeding fail to explain the traits typically found among the members of a species.
Essentialists, from Aristotle to Locke, from Kripke to Devitt, believe that essences figure centrally in explaining the traits typically found among the members of a kind.
Nominal essences demarcate membership in a kind, but they do not explain the typical traits of a kind.
For instance, historically, monotheism expanded from its point of origin in the Middle East, explaining the trait's lack of proportionality between the Middle East and other regions around the globe.
He demonstrated that polydactyly could be transmitted by either the male or female parent, and he presciently explained the trait as the result of a mutation in the "hereditary particles" possessed by them.
The initial benefit to the parents may explain why the trait of homosexuality persists throughout evolution, he says.
The termite theory cannot explain many of the traits of fairy circles, Tschinkel says, including that the circles have a perimeter of tall grass and reside only on sandy soils in a certain range of rainfall.
Several theorists have argued for the pluralistic idea that biology may incorporate two notions of function, one to explain the presence of traits and the other to explain how those traits contribute to the complex capacities of organisms.
Using mixed effects models, we verified whether matrix or corridor variables best explain the distribution of traits.
The heritability of epigenetic marks between generations is frequently used to explain the etiology of traits and diseases that do not follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.
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