In this study, we used a four-stage process to help identify and explain shared patterns of spatial genetic structure in four taxa occupying the same habitat in space and time.
Hardly any susceptibility genes are known that would explain shared effects in prostate and bladder cancers.
Since A. mellifera and A. cerana diverged recently, we hypothesized there would be protein orthologs conserved in both honey bee species that explain shared honey bee characteristics.
While the surfing phenomenon explains the dominance of widespread haplotypes and low genetic differentiation between cycad populations, it does not explain shared ancestral polymorphisms between sections.
While ancestral polymorphism could in theory explain shared haplotypes between the two species, the evidence for hybridization and introgression is overwhelming, in agreement with previous published studies [ 20, 27, 28].
This scenario would also explain shared traits among plastid-containing alveolates, like the 23S rDNA, type II RuBisCo and polyuridylylation of plastid gene transcripts (Zhang et al. 2000; Wang and Morse 2006; Janouskovec et al. 2010), which is missing in Plasmodium (Dorrell et al. 2014).
