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However, the major reinforcement learning-based theoretical models of classical conditioning (crudely, prediction learning) are actually based on rules designed to explain instrumental conditioning (action learning).
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Oncologists in our study allocated considerable time to explaining instrumental aspects of care and this was a crucial source of comfort for many parents.
So, like the previous Kantian argument, and like the Hume's skepticism discussed in §4.3, this argument also fails to explain why instrumental rationality applies in every case in which it does.
The shifts observed in BCS spectra cannot be explained by instrumental effects.
Richard Boyd (1985, for example) argues that in explaining the success of science, we need to explain the overall instrumental success of scientific methods across the history of science.
Since such intentions make applicable a requirement of instrumental coherence, but don't involve a belief in success, the cognitivist cannot explain why requirements of instrumental coherence apply to these intentions.
So, Korsgaard's view seems unable to explain the authority of instrumental rationality with respect to such ends ends that an agent has but doesn't prescribe to herself.
The identification of the targets indirectly controlled by linc-MD1 can be instrumental to explain the myogenic alterations observed upon its deregulation.
In an instrumental variable analysis, the component of variation within a risk factor that is explained by the instrumental variable is used to provide an unbiased and unconfounded assessment of the causal association between the risk factor of interest and the outcome.
In an interview with Tashed last year, Rhythm Droid explained his unconventional instrumental choices: "I like to feel connected to my instruments, and I think viewers can participate in that connection along with me".
Furthermore, the different partial instrumental variables R2 are reported in order to describe how much of the squared residuals are explained by the instrumental variables.
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