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Vital signs in acute, severe asthma are: respiratory rate usually >30 breaths/min; heart rate >120 beats/min; wheezing throughout both the inspiration and the expiration; use of accessory respiratory muscles; evidence of suprasternal retractions; and pulsus paradoxus >12 mmHg.
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Dynamic assessment may include measurements of vessel diameter during inspiration and expiration using m-mode.
We calculated adjusted specificity by months to expiration using regression standardization[14].
Each lung was segmented manually at inspiration and expiration using 3D Slicer (http://www.slicer.org), with segmentation being performed every second slice in the axial plane [ 28].
Breath-hold was obtained at least 3 times in inspiration and expiration using the spirometric equipment just before CT acquisition in supine position.
Glottic linear measurements, expressed in pixels, were taken of arytenoids at their most adducted position (end of expiration) using the UTHSCSA Image Tool 3.00 for Windows software.
Vivier et al. [ 26] found that the relation between diaphragm thickness measured by inspiration and expiration using ultrasound correlated adequately with the work of breathing during noninvasive ventilation.
Skinfold thicknesses were measured using Holtain skinfold callipers (Holtain Ltd) at specified sites and abdominal circumference was taken at the end of expiration using a blank tape measured against a fixed scale.
After conventional T1- and T2-weighted imaging, echo-planar DWI was obtained during 22-s breath holds after maximal expiration, using 3 gradient factors (b = 50, b = 300 and b = 600 s/mm ).
Waist circumference (WC) was measured in duplicate to the nearest 0.1 cm in the standing position, at the high point of the iliac crest at the end of a gentle expiration, using a flexible tape measure (Seca 201).
Waist circumference (WC) was measured twice at the end of normal expiration using a measuring tape placed at the top of the iliac crest as suggested by the US National Institutes of Health.
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