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When first used in non-intubated patients, this measurement required the separation of inspiration flow from expiration flow since the system allowed the selective occlusion of the inspiratory line during exhalation.
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Doppler features can also demonstrate changes in trans-mitral and tricuspid flows seen with inspiration and expiration and flow pattern changes in the superior and inferior vena cava [14].
During passive expiration, the flow curve starts with a high peak flow followed by an exponential decay in airflow rate so that typically there is no flow during more than 50% of expiration time.
Pursed-lip respiration could increase the inspiration maneuver, slow down the expiration air flow, and reduce the residual lung volume.
These findings suggest that the eCO concentration measured by PiCO+ corresponds to in the initial phase of expiration, when flow is maximum.
Once the series deadspace is flushed completely by the fresh gas during expiration, the flow dependence of PaCO2 is thought to be secondary to enhanced turbulent mixing in the airways distal to the catheter tip [ 5, 11, 12].
This fact may suggest that the inertial effect associated with unsteady flow is more important during the expiration period.
After reaching the expiration time, virtual flow will be purged, and then the new packet from this flow will be forwarded following its original anypath cost.
DPL was computed as the difference in Ptp at the end of inspiration and at the end of expiration at zero flow.
During expiration when expiratory flow was limited, the volume change of the trunk led the volume exhaled at the mouth in time and was of greater amplitude.
At early expiration with EFC, flow is drastically reduced as compared with passive expiration (grey line).
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