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The between-subjects factor was expertise (expert or novice).
A repeated-measures, mixed-factor 2 (congruency: congruent, incongruent) × 2 (alignment: aligned, misaligned) × 2 (expertise: expert, novice) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for experiment 1.
The repeated-measures, mixed-factor 2 (congruency: congruent, incongruent) × 2 (alignment: aligned, misaligned) × 2 (expertise: expert, novice) ANOVA confirmed this result.
User expertise (expert vs. novice) and prototype fidelity (paper prototype, 3D mock-up, and fully operational appliance) were manipulated as independent variables in a 2 × 3 between-subjects design.
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Participants varied in weather expertise (experts, novices) and were asked to create their own and/or join weather-related missions on the nQuire-it platform.
The appearance of the immediate givenness of one's mental states is, Gopnik suggests, merely an "illusion of expertise": Experts engage in all sorts of tacit theorizing that they don't recognize as such the expert chess player for whom the strength of a move seems simply visually given, the doctor who immediately intuits cancer in a patient.
Using ethnographic vignettes this paper unpacks this politics of the designs, to elaborate a "praxical present" within which expertise, experts, the State and the citizens all get (dis)entangled with each other through idioms that far exceed those of the Modern State, citizenship, individual and communitarian rights.
The TASK (Control-Identity) × EXPERTISE (Experts-Novices) ANOVA showed that both groups of players needed more time to identify geometrical shapes than chess pieces (main effect task – F 1, 14) = 53, p<.01).
Since we were interested in differences between the individual tasks, we compared performance in the Identity task and the Control task using a 2 (task – Control/Identity) ×2 (expertise – Experts-Novices) ANOVA.
Their work, compiled in the "Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance," a 900-page academic book that will be published next month, makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
Such experts are put to work, as discursive servants and servile subjects, to explain and defend the integrity and authority of the Master's corpus (body of writing), resulting in a particular kind of expertise or expert discourse: S2 (which refers both to the discourse as such and to the subjects who generate it).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com