In stage 1, one expert translated the Dutch version into Danish.
The clinical scholar is seen as someone who is there to help clinicians and the clinical expert translates the knowledge from research: As one participant indicated, the clinical scholar did research which was practice-based and was disseminated and shared with the broader community (L1).
In each country, two independent experts translated the questionnaire into their language.
A team of Danish experts translated the GTT to Danish 19 from the English and a Swedish version.
Study instruments had been reviewed by local clinical experts, translated into Armenian, and pre-tested twice for consistency and comprehensibility.
A panel of medical education experts translated DREEM items from English into Farsi and then it was back-translated into English.
To do this, a panel of experts translated the CHBMS items from English to Farsi language and then it was back-translated into English.
The original English-language questionnaire was used in Ghana, India, Pakistan, and Tanzania, WHO's expert translation service translated the questionnaire for China (Mandarin), Kazakhstan (Russian), Mexico (Spanish), and Senegal (French), and country teams translated the questionnaire for Iran (Persian) and Laos (Lao).
PFDI was translated to Persian by the researcher and then translated back to English by an official English language translator, who is an expert in translating English medical texts.
The research team was very aware of the potential for meanings to be lost or misconstrued during translation, so care was to use expert translators, to back translate where appropriate, and to review translated transcripts in areas where meaning was not being preserved.
