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Only the experimental partner, but not the pulling rat, had then access to the food reward.
Every rat was put into one compartment of the cage with visual, acoustical and olfactory contact to its experimental partner.
The sequence of both, social experience and hunger status of the experimental partner were randomised, with every focal rat being tested in all four situations.
In iterated prisoner's dilemma games, where two players can choose to either cooperate or to defect [ 10], they were shown to help an experimental partner based on direct and generalized reciprocity [ 18, 19].
We found that rats provide more help to cooperative than to defective partners, and that the amount of help provided decreases more strongly with increasing costs when the experimental partner is a defector.
Directly after the experience phase, the stick and the food reward were switched to the other side and the focal rat had now the possibility to provide help for its experimental partner (direct reciprocity paradigm).
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As Duflo describes it, Phase II of J-PAL, now just beginning, is the effort to engage decision-makers not just as experimental partners but as adopters of programs that have already been vetted.
Here are the knock-kneed chorus-girl lines of "Stravinsky Violin Concerto"; the acerbic, experimental partnering of the opening pas de deux in "Four Temperaments"; the acrobatic, pushed-to-the-limit flexibility of "Agon"; the high-spirited jogging groups of "Rubies".
Such validation is planned as future work together with experimental partners.
Furthermore, test rats provided more help to hungry receivers that were light or in poor condition, which might suggest empathy, whereas this relationship was inverse when experimental partners were satiated.
When the focal rats had not been helped by a third rat before, they also pulled more often for heavy experimental partners than for light ones (X12 = 4.036; p = 0.044).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com