Our premise was that preclinical studies should demonstrate a dose-response relationship in the absence of overwhelming inter-experimental heterogeneity and publication bias.
The quantitative features of the hormetic dose response are described and placed within toxicological context that considers study design, temporal assessment, mechanism, and experimental model/population heterogeneity.
Although P, A and C-replacement ΔΔG values are difficult to interpret independently [due to experimental structural heterogeneity (Williams et al., 2006)], they support the broader conclusion that Aβ40 positions 18 21, 25 26 and 32 33 are particularly sensitive to P-replacement (Williams et al., 2006).
Single-cell RNA sequencing and experimental validation reveal heterogeneity in fate-mapped TH17 cells, and a developmental arrest in the TH1 transdifferentiation trajectory upon loss of mTORC1 activity or metabolic perturbation.
In the following, we will discuss: 1) Plasma PACAP38 as a biochemical marker in human experimental models; 2) heterogeneity of the PACAP38 response in MO patients; 3) MRA biomarkers of PACAP38-induced migraine-like attacks; 4) future experimental models using PACAP27.
Differences in the experimental conditions and heterogeneity in fibroblast responses could perhaps explain the different findings in the two studies.
In the presence of heterogeneity, experimental and biologically-based methods for assessing gene expression in relation to p53 status are preferable to statistical methods.
Theoretical and experimental studies considered heterogeneity in space for the cost for the host of being diseased or absence of parasite [ 30, 40, 41].
In the presence of breast cancer heterogeneity, experimental and biologically-based methods for assessing gene expression in relation to p53 status provide prognostic and biologically-relevant gene lists.
As mentioned earlier, factors that may significantly contribute to inconsistencies in genetic studies of osteoporosis include inadequate statistical power, population stratification, genetic heterogeneity, experimental errors, and limited coverage of genomic regions [ 27].
