Confounding occurs when the experimental controls do not allow the experimenter to reasonably eliminate plausible alternative explanations for an observed relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Researchers trained Pacific bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) to swim in an open-water environment, thus removing the spatial limitations of a pool while conserving experimental controls.
Experimental controls can also be incorporated without much work.
Adjacent bare walls were monitored as experimental controls.
Cells cultured in the presence of IL-1β, but without pravastatin, served as experimental controls.
The transmittance of TiO2 in the visible region can also be tuned by experimental controls.
In the experimental controls, the PAH loss due to abiotic or biotic factors were negligible.
Experimental controls were defined as plain cells in media and pure media with and without nanoparticles.
A central tenet of good scientific practice is the meticulous use of experimental controls.
The experimental controls used were uncut experimental DNA, digestion of commercially supplied control DNA and no-enzyme "mock" digestion.
Cells cultured in the presence of media, and an equivalent volume of sterile water, served as experimental controls.
