Exact(1)
To reduce the length of the experiment, subordinate clauses were presented as wholes for 1000 ms in the centre of the screen.
Similar(58)
During the experiment, one subordinate fish died in the intraspecific competition treatment; the number of replicates was then five instead of six for this treatment.
We also detected significant differences between the experiments: female subordinate reproduction was more likely in experiments 1, 2 and 4 (one or two female subordinates), compared to experiment 3 (one female, one male subordinate, Table 3).
Opening leadership behavior is referred to leader behavior that increases variance in subordinates' behaviors through encouraging them to do things differently and to experiment, giving subordinates' opportunity for autonomous thinking and executing, and underpinning subordinates' attempts to contest a current situation.
The subject of the experiment was the subordinate.
Experiments suggest that subordinate species can avoid competitors (e.g., Pimm et al. 1985; Fletcher 2008; Evans et al. 2009; Slaa and Hughes 2009) or depleted resources (e.g., Nakashima et al. 2002; Yokoi et al. 2007) by using heterospecific visitation signals and cues.
Hare et al. (2000) conducted experiments in which dominant and subordinate animals competed with each other for food, and concluded that "at least in some situations chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see and, furthermore, that they use this knowledge to formulate their behavioral strategies in food competition situations".
During playback experiments, Mitani (1985b) found that subordinate flanged males and unflanged males moved away from the long calls at rates faster than normal travel speed, but the dominant resident flanged male approached the long calls and counter-called.
They were told that the superiors would direct and evaluate the subordinates and that this evaluation would determine the subordinates' payment for the experiment.
Historically, the role of experiments has been as a primary tool for the design and understanding of nuclear system behavior, while M&S played the subordinate role of supporting experiments.
Figure 4 shows that the normalized hybridization signals for the 15 most significantly differentially expressed non-redundant genes can be used to accurately separate dominant and subordinate individuals in the intraspecific experiment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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