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From the fitting of these data to the equation, we derived the values for k, Er and h for each experiment (passage of cells) and used these values to calculate PMP from the value of Em using the following relationship Em = [Er/10(%F/k)] + h.
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These frozen cells were expanded once and then were used for all experiments (passage 2).
For all experiments, passage 7 17 SV40T-expressing human VSMC cultures were used.
For chondrogenesis experiments, passage 3 4 cells were washed twice in chondrogenic induction medium (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) using centrifugation at 150 × g for 5 min and resuspension.
In order to maintain the features of the SEL bacteria, new SEL bacteria were thawed and used for all the in vitro experiments (passage 1, 2 or 3).
For all TGF-β treatment experiments, passage 3 primary cells or passage 8 immortalized cells were plated at 4×10 cells/well density in six-well plates and cultured until 70% confluent.
The resulting cell population was maintained over 3 5 days until confluence, which were represented as in passage 1. ADSCs were cultured and expanded in culture medium and used for the experiments (passage 3).
In all experiments, passage-matched fibroblasts (passages 4 11) were used.
For all experiments, passages three to eight were serum-starved before experiments in DMEM with IgG-free FCS 1%, penicillin 100 U/ml, streptomycin 100 μg/ml and amphotericin B 2.5 μg/ml.
For each experiment, same passage of SCAP, DPSCs, and PDLSCs were used.
The cells used in these experiments were passage matched; all control and inhibition experiments were run in parallel.
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