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Other terms like "normal distributions," "clustering," "control experiment," "causality," and more like these are explained in a straightforward and simple way, completing the chapter with an exciting, exemplary narration of the rise of microbiology via the scientific adventures of von Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Harvey, Koch, and Snow.
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The automatic SNP selection is particularly vulnerable to false positives and its results should be carefully validated using biological experiments or causality analysis of independent data.
The experiment confirmed the causality between outdoor thermal environment and activities: the renovated playground attracted 80% more occupants in summer; people stayed longer, reported less heat stress, and interacted with each other more often.
For any mapping or causality experiment, we used the same HB101 culture to reduce the substantial variation that arises from bacteria grown in independent preparations.
Each approach has its strengths and limitations – the stimulation experiments can establish causality but are inherently "unnatural", whereas the recording experiments document what happens under more natural conditions, but can only show correlations, which does not necessarily mean there is a causal relationship.
Even commercial vendors such as Google create samples from big data based on criteria such as user names or geographic areas, and run randomly assigned treatment control experiments to determine causality (Varian 2014).
The stimulation experiments can demonstrate causality but are inherently 'unnatural'unnatural
We performed 3 in vivo experiments to establish causality of hexadecanedioate on BP regulation.
Controlled experiments primarily aim to isolate causality, while Darwinian experimentation endeavors to enhance systemic innovation and generative experimentation seeks to generate new solution concepts.
They are calling for experiments that will show causality, and tell us how changes in the microbiome lead to disease.
Time travel paradoxes are thought experiments illustrating violations of causality (cause and effect).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com