In the first experiment, social experience of the focal rats was manipulated by pairing them with cooperative or defective partners (stooges) that had either produced food for them ('cooperator') or not ('defector') in the identical but role-reversed situation (direct reciprocity [ 19]).
The period P15-P25, which follows eye opening, marks the beginning of the experience dependency of rat visual cortical development and the opening of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity [38], [15].
Of course, during the test session, the IMMED rats were receiving an extinction session 24 hours after conditioning, which mirrors the experience of the DELAY rats during the extinction session.
We have extensive experience of using GK rats to assess a number of cardiovascular- and wound-healing-related events, both in vivo and in vitro (Bitar, 2012; Bitar et al., 2013; Bitar and Al-Mulla, 2011; Bitar et al., 2010).
Rather, it is the prior social experience of the free rat with any member of the trapped rat's strain that determines the target group for helping.
Our results have shown that dexamethasone reduces the number of rats experiencing status epilepticus (SE) and abolishes mortality.
(D ) Comparing microarray data from control rats to that of rats experiencing KA-seizures (both with scrambled ODN), using GSEA, illustrates that three gene-sets were significantly enriched in the control rats (repressed in the seizure + scrambled-ODN rats) and these fell in the mid-frequency category (see Table 1 for numeric values).
Rats experience helping rats of a familiar strain as rewarding.
Accordingly, the data suggest that in the individual-experience control group, the preference of rats on day-2 is strongly dependent on the strength of the olfactory (social) information of the demonstrators, while this is not the case in the experimental group.
Moreover, in vivo activation of AMPK in the VMH of rats that have experienced prior recurrent hypoglycemia can restore hormonal counterregulatory responses to a subsequent hypoglycemic challenge (45).
