Exact(1)
Her extensive research shows that while the last century saw "a grand gender convergence" – with the differences between men and women narrowing in labor force participation, paid hours of work, hours of work at home, life-time labor force experience, occupations, college education, and earnings – that convergence process has lately stalled.
Similar(59)
The Congressional Budget Office went further than some other studies in ensuring a comparison of apples to apples — controlling for a worker's education, years of experience, occupation, neighborhood, age, sex, ethnicity and immigration status, among other characteristics.
In addition to these two variables at the organizational level, a set of individual-level covariates are used: sex, marital status, education, work experience, occupation, hukou, and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) membership.
Individual-level controls were gender, years of schooling, residential registration status (hukou), cohort, work experience, occupation, hourly wage (log), labor contract, social insurance (including pension, medical care, and work injury insurance), experience of being abused in the workplace, union membership, work autonomy, and democratic participation in the organization.
Even when researchers have controlled for demographic differences between male and female employees, such as worker qualifications, experience, occupation type, and industry, a persistent gap in wages remains.
That figure does not take into account differences in education, experience, occupation, overtime and other factors, but studies have found that gender discrimination explains at least some of the pay gap.
According to Cornell University economists Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, the "unexplained" pay gap of nine percentage points that remains after adjusting for factors in addition to hours worked -- such as education, experience, occupation and industry -- may well be explained by time off for parenting.
Explanatory variables also include per capita income, characteristics of the individual such as sex, age, education, work experience, occupation; characteristics of the household such as household size and the sex, age, education, main occupation of household head; and commune and geographic characteristics.
This growth reflects a strengthened policy focus on labour-market-focused temporary migrants who can bring skills and experience in occupations and areas identified as suffering from skill shortages.
and cognitive reserve (IQ, life experience, education, occupation, premorbid cognitive impairment, etc).
The incident, and the experience of occupation in general, continue to shape France profoundly.
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